Total fine fuel loads reached a peak of 9–10 Mg ha⁻¹ between 13- and 20-years following fire, depending on the underlying sand type. Total fine fuels (fine surface plus fine shrub layer fuels) had no significant decline over the same time period, on either sand type. While shrub layer fuels on Spearwood sands peaked at 14 years and declined thereafter, those on Bassendean sand did not decline over time but have lower overall connectivity. Shrub layer fuel loads also accumulated faster on Spearwood sands than on Bassendean sands. We wanted to answer two key questions: 1) How do measures of fuel load (mass) and arrangement (structure and continuity) vary across space and time, particularly with respect to time since the last fire? 2) How do biophysical drivers, such as soil type and rainfall, influence fuel accumulation and arrangement, and do these covariates improve litter fuel modelling beyond traditional asymptotic models? We found that fine surface fuel loads (litter and small twigs) differed between sand types, accumulating faster and reaching a higher peak on Spearwood sands (7–9 Mg ha⁻¹) compared to Bassendean sands (6–7 Mg ha⁻¹). Of the 82 sites, 44 burnt during the measurement period (2016 to 2021), which provided the opportunity for fuel measurements following fire (resulting in total N = 126). We examined 82 sites in Banksia woodlands, southwestern Australia. Using a space for time sampling approach to generate a chronosequence of time since fire, we selected sites that spanned across two distinct sandy soil types (Spearwood and Bassendean sands) and a rainfall gradient (550 to 750 mm north–south). Despite an extensive wildland-urban interface and frequent fire occurrence, fuel accumulation and the spatial variation in fuel risk is not well quantified across the broad extent of this ecosystem. This is particularly pressing in fire-prone, Mediterranean climate-type vegetation, such as the Banksia woodlands surrounding metropolitan Perth, southwestern Australia. Increasing extreme wildfire occurrence globally is boosting demand to understand the fuel dynamics and fire risk of fire-prone areas.
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